Endocrinology of reproduction || Physiology sir

 1st feb 2026

- endocranology

- Hypophysis

- Animiohypophysis

- Removal of complete pituitary

- hormones

- Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe - pars Nervosa infundibulam)

- Adinohypophysis, intermediate lobe - adinohypophysis and pars intermedia

the pituitary b/w sella tursica of sphenoid bone

Hyphysoctomy - removal of pituitary gland

- smith and allen - growth and metamorphosis, larvae,amphora, tadepole, oxytocin - birth hormone,9 - amino acid, oxitocin acts on myepithelial cells causing its contraction of myoepithelial

myoepithelial cells teat sys avg.blend system.

HOW THE MECHANISM OF (Dia of reproduction of oxy OT)

- Hypothalamus - supra optic, and para ventricular nucli to post. pituitary - then further to Ant vena cava blood circulation of(here brusting occurs)

Reaches to udder and causes contraction of myoepithelial cells - udder, teats(stimuli, touch, sucking by calves) signal agains goes to hypothalamus

6/feb/26

ADH or arganine vasoprasin

- it is nine peptie in nature

- Neurohypophysial Hormone

- Birth Hormone

As for History - 1909 - posterior pituitory extracts were first used principal gynacology ot labor at the fall term of pregnancy

In the following years discovered posterior lobe extracts cows let down of milk in rabbits

- In 1913 posterior pituitary extracts were demonstrated as antiduriasis, in 1950, two physiological active principle of

1. oxytocin 

2. Vasoprisin(AVP)

Where completely seperated and activeity was proven.

- DU vigneavd was awarded noble prize, for discovery of the proven str. of peptide hormone or nomenclature of oxytocin and AVP was proven

CHEMISTRY FOR HORMONE

- AVP and ADH ocytocine

- it is nona - peptide in nature

=> Histology and secrition

-> The neurohyposis or posterior pituitory consits of nerve fiber and neuro glail cell or no gandular cells

the nerve fiver arises from supra optic and para verticular nucli of the hypothalamus (SON AND PUN) which leds to proceed via the pituitary stalk as hypothalamico hypophysial. Neural tract

and ultimately reach to posterior pituitory.

=> Biosynthesis and release

- the hormons of post. pituitory synthesis in hypothalmus - then hormons are transmited by axon terminal - stored finally in post pituitary as granules(this granules are k/a gomri bodies).

# Arganin Vassoprasin

most mammal including human beings but exceptionally pig and hypopotamus having amino acid arfanin on 9th position in nano - peptide chain

where as ADH of man and other animals excption pig and hypopotamus, commonly k/a arganin vassoprassin

Pig and hypopotamus insted of arganin vasoprassin it is lysine

Physiological function of this hormone - helpful in milk let down , sicckiling by the calves(appropriate signals),iterine contraction (full term pregnancy)

previously oxitocine means rapid birth but it acts towards the end of pregnancy (feotus in Fwl term) at time of labour pain the level of oxytocine is increases or if causes the contaction of mymmoetrium

provided by the uterus has been eposed to estrogen for sufficient time.(Priming of uterus)

-> The experimental evidences suggest that before onset of labour pain the level progestron fall and level fo estrogen rises.

-> This hormone is estimate by ELISA and RIA

-> picogram per ml of serum and plasma.

Applied physiology

- Roplanta (R) -> composition oxytocin -> milk ejection 5 -10

Anti Diureatic hormone(Vassoprasin)

- it is another hormone of posterior pituitory - Nino peptide

- in birds:vassotoxin..

Physiological fun of ADH..

- Anti diureatic effect - less urea - diureatic - it has pressure effect on smooth muscles vascular system by combination with receptors is smooth muscles.

- Helps the flow of fluid from higenic conc. of tubule to lower conc. in the intersetium mostly during water deprivation in the body During Hemorage. It causes redn of osmolarity of plasma.

- > Control of ADH release

- prepheral osmoreacter present in oesophagus stomach central stomach and central osmoreceptor... at the level of hypothalamus as well, degree of osmolarity in blood triggers the process of synthesis and

synthesis and release of ADH.

Applied physiology of ADH...

- In diabites Insipidus(ploy urea) where the ADH is absent or little there is no - concentration of urine.

Thats why patient apsses large bolumme of watery urine (Hypotonic urine)

cat - Tricomoniasis protozoa in sliva of cat

feb 9 mon 2:10,, please cover all the topics in detail these are my class notes, i will be studying form this for my exams..

Paraharmones / Paracrine hormone

It this type of hormone chemical signal producing cell produces chemical that diffuses into target cell very close to producer cells, eg GIP(Gastrointernal peptide), insulin, Glucagone

#Nomenclature of Hormones

- Protein or peptide hormones, made up of:- Anteror pitutary hormone, insuline, glucagon, parathromone, placental Hormone(PMS),Hypothalmic releasing hormone,Hormone of Neurohypophysis.

# Derivative of Amino Aicd

- Asnernaline, nor adneraline, serotonin, Histamine, T2, T4

# Steroid Hormone

- Estrogen and Progestron(female)

- Testestorone (Male)

- Corticosteriod ( Dexamethanose)

- Aldosterone

Some Hormones having precussor of arecdonic acid(Eicosonoid ring)

- prostaglandin PGE,E,E1,E2,E3, PGE2 * PREGOVA(R)

Anterior pituitor hormone

1) Prolactin(PRL)(Mamogenic, lactogenic hormone)

--> chemistry of prolactin is protein in nature, molecular weight 23000 dalton, in bovine, corsine and human, prolactin having 141 to 199 amino might present

half life prolactin is about 15 to 20 minutes the most poteinel stimulus, is while nursing the claves

synthesis --> prolactin is synthesised within acidopill lactotrop cells of anterior pituitory..

History..

1928 two scientist striker, gructer discovered this hormone the extract of anterior pitutary gland was given to rabbit causes to stimulate milk secretion.

CROP SAC MILK

- in certain birds like pegion and dogs prolactin controls the production of a so called CROP SAC MILK.

Response to prolactin Harmone, A epithaleum of 2 laterel lobes of crop wall thicken in both male and female cheeck cell. when the eggs are hatched the epithlium proliferate, cells accumulates

lipids and begin to degenerate.

The layer of cells are slaght(jadhna) off to fall a mass of materiall which is regagitated to feed to the young ones.

Besied it effects on intigument - many physiological effect.

# Maternal instict

- Involution (Mammaliry gland)

The return of an organ to its normal size after enlargement. The decrease in No. of cells calreolus charaterised by decrease metablolic activity of mammaliry gland it denotes, no of alveoli per

globule

The sezzation (close) of milk increase intra alveolar pressure, which trigers formation, which trigers formation of lysozyme, and like the secretory  epithelial cells folled by increase in phygocytic

cells. Mycophages and no. of lymphocytes and Neutrophill during the process of evolution.

Prolactin(mamalogenic hormone)

---> It is a hormone of anterior pituatory cause growth and development of mammary gland.

#Physiological function..

--> The main role of prolactin is mammalary growth  and development helps in lactogenesis(female)

- It increases during pregnancy,  mammalary gland development and growth hormone.

- peptide hormone

- some prolactin relasing also found increase the prolactin lactotropes cells of anti - pituitory, prolactin is refered, hormone of maturity.

- Recently role of prolactin in males also established.

- to stumulate crop sac milk production

- it also leutrotropic hormone is some malnalin species consult with LH or FSH. on the corpus letuem.

- prolactin inhibitory hormone act on lactotropes, that is target cell for production of prolactin. Decrease in no. No negative feed back mechanism of prolactin.

- Prolactin inhibitory factor - which is dopamine in nature, is released from the hypothalamus this dopamine reaches to lactotropes relases.

Prolactin secretion - increases during sleep and exercise. in female animals prolactin causses full. blown maternal extinct.

#Growth Hormone / somatotropic hormone

Feb 13/ 2026 "please explain in detail, these are my class notes"

PrL - Prolactin, HcG - Human....

These hormones are structurally related(somatotropin), somatostatin - GH, HGH, Prolactin, Placental Lactogens

As for the classification / Nomenclature(anterior pitutary hormone and placenta)

1. somatotropic nature hormone - GH, PrL, PL, 2.Glycoprotein Hormone--> FSH, LH, PSH, CG,(corioc gonadotropin), TSH 3. POMC pre opoid melano corticoid

--> ACTH, alph - MSH(Melanocyte), beta - MSH, beta lycotropin, gamma - LPH

(Intermediate lobe however in vertebrate there is no importance, but in lower vertivrates (salmende) imp. of intermediate lobe.)

Growth Hormone of somatotropin

- In excess gagintism

- low - drawfism

control and secretion of growth hormone ...... growht hormone releasing hormone

hypothalamus ----(GHRH)---> somatotrophs -----> GH(Somatotropin)----> liver (IGF 1,2,3 SOMATROMIDIN)-----> Blood IGR 1,2,3 Which further goes to hypothalamus and somatotrophs. Hypothalamus gives negative feedback to somatotrophs

Hypothalamus ---> secretes, 2. hormone, 1.GHRH,2.Somatostatin

GHRH stimulates somatotrophs, GHRIH, that inhibits somatotrops for less poduction of GH.

Both GHRH nd stomatostatin reach at anterior pitutary portal system.

IGF Exert - KC feed back mechanism, due to somatrops releas is decreased.

- the hormones are secreted in pursatile way. (there will be brusting)

- somatostin produced in many organs of body, pancreas, GI tract, hypothalamus

#Physiological fun of groth hormone

- growth of each and every cell of body.

- Helps chiefly in growth of cells of body (eg. 3yr child - look like 7yr and 7yr child look like 18yr old)

- in humans before 18yrs of age,excess secretion of GH gangatism develop.

acromagly - after closer of epithelial plate, results acromagly if in grows.

other physiological function

1. carbohydrat mechanism - fundamental effect of growth hormone to increase blood sugar level. antegonostic ot insuline, 2.growth hormone is also known was dibetogenic, in short it is known as anti - insuli, prepheral utilization of gluse is blocked.3.In protein metabolism --> GH Stimulates the production of protin and ultimately growth of animals4. in calcium metabolism --> Gh causes or helps in formation of bones, hence it increase absorption of clacium, 5. In milk production, Gh helps in development of mammlary gland and lactation.

applied physiology

- lorons syndrome - this syndrome named z larons in 1966 was from isreal.

- cliniclly we can synthesize growth horn, and insulin growth factors --> recombinant DNA technology.

Drawfism and critnism

- in physiological degree of short statured in which GH production is not proper.

- Drawfism - IQ decrease can be due to isolated growth hormone dficiency , larons syndrome, PAN Hypo pitutrism(NOT DEVELOP pituitary gland), acondroplacia(long bone development low)

Gagantism

- GH in excess, causing gagantism.

- after clousre of epiphysial plate - acromagly

- when pituitary(hypothlamus secretes more growth hormone cause hyper glacimea, person will be big) but person is weeak although muscles is big.

acromagly - clousere of ephiphysical plate (long bone ) the man looks like gorilla, enlargement of palms, broading of face is noted.

#Gonadotropic Hormones

1. FSH (Folicle stimulating hormone)

2. LH (leutinizing hormone)

- secreted by gonadotropes of anterior pituitary

fri, feb 27 (2026)

TSH(thyroid sitimulating hormone) - Anterior pituatory hormone produced by thytopes of anterior pituitoruy 

Chemistry - TSH, T3, T4 (All are amino acids derived hormone, mainly alpha and beta)

Physiological function - TSH helps in synthesis of thyroxin t3 and t4. - caused hyperplacia of thyroid gland with increase vascularity.

mechanism of action mofe of secretion of TSH..

1.Target cells of TSH are follicular cells of tyroid acini.

2. On the cell membrane, this follicular cells, TSH receptors that is structurally similar with FSH and GH Receptor.

3. After binding with receptor TSH via G - Protins produced cyclic AMP -as second messenger, ultimately biological action is produced (T3,T4)

- control and release of TSH

-- Thyrotrops contains receptors TRH receptor and T3, T4 Receptors.

--T3 AND T4 exerts negative feedback mechanism on thyrotrops.

--There is another -ve feedback mechanism on hypothalamus but it is very big as for the proportion is conserved - 95(T4):5(T3). T3 is 30 times more poitent than T4.